Language shif and maintenance ( Majority langugae - Minority Languge )

I.                   Language change and shift ( Malay – java )

Malay (/məˈleɪ/;^[6] Bahasa Melayu; Jawi script: بهاس ملايو) is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the national language of Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. It is spoken by 270 million people^[7] across the Malacca Strait, including the coasts of the Malay Peninsula of Malaysia and the eastern coast of Sumatra in Indonesia, and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal Sarawak and West Kalimantan in Borneo.

As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional (National Language) of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu (Malay language); in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia (Malaysian language); and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian language) and is designated the Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu ("unifying language/lingua franca"). However, in areas of central to southern Sumatra where the language is indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as Bahasa Melayu and consider it one of their regional languages.

Standard Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial Malacca and Johor Sultanates, and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor, or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other Malayan languages. According to Ethnologue 16, several of the Malayan varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the Orang Asli varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. (These are listed with question marks in the table at right.) There are also several Malay-based creole languages which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay, as well as Makassar Malay, which appears to be a mixed language.

         Based on my experiences in my daily life , because of My grandmother and my grandfather were pass away before, I have some to analyze based on the Language used or shift they are my aunty and my mommy. My aunty actually my mother sisters stay at they origin places or we call the places that they are was born . different with my mom, my mom when she’s already got marriage they both moving to another places. So that, they language were different ,my parents stayed with java language ,and my aunty still using malay language to communicate each others. In meantime, they are talk or communications using they own language as Malay different with my mother , she used malay mix with java language because we already moving at javaness environment. After years by years I’ am was born and life like a javaness people because of what? Because my parents already stay here and am grow up in java roles. Sometimes, we are going to my aunty house to visited them like usually culture in another ethnic. In there, they are talk with malay language with their own family, so do I, am is the one of malay family but the language change was adopt me in javaness culture , it change all of my first language ( majority language ) became my ( Minority language ) from malay to java. My parents totally is malay language and malay ethnic but we are they children does not know about malay language roles, ethnic and else, we have learn from school .  Not only me both of my sister and brother also does not know the malay language or my parents  Majority language. Based on the experience we learn something new, that environment can change our cultural background.

For example the world or vocabulary that we found in malay language and it does not used in communicative in times, like :

Malay	Indonesia	english
reban	kandang	cage
sudu	sendok	spoon
guli	kelereng	marbels
ayan	seng	zinc
songkok	kopiyah	kopiyah
kukuw	parutan	grater
niau	kelapa	coconut

             Some word we can analysis based on the contexs and used of the specific purposed. And sometimes we can get the main point based on the sentences meaning or what the speakers say, for example, when we are sitting in malay community and we have to know what they talking about, we should asking to our friends next to you , if not we can miss understanding with them . some case can show us , likely television cartoon character like ( UPIN- IPIN ) in Indonesia translation we can not found the relevant mean based on they are talk about. So what? We have study more about language change and shift and how its look like in our social communications.

Its not only in malay or java language were changed but also in all ethnic in Indonesian country has several culture that we have to know and learn about it self. For every single people should be more interest with our own culture so that it can make positive value for us so do our next generations.

meaning of AL-QUR'AN In english version

Terjemahan Al Qur'an Versi Bahasa Inggris 

·     1. Al-Fatiha (The Opening)

·     2. Al-Baqara (The Cow)

·     3. Al ‘Imran (The Family Of 'Imran, The House Of 'Imran)

·     4. An-Nisa’(Women)

·     5. Al-Ma’ida (The Table, The Table Spread)

·     6. Al-An‘am (Cattle, Livestock)

·     7. Al-A‘raf (The Heights)

·     8. Al-Anfal (Spoils Of War, Booty)

·     9. At-Tawba (Repentance, Dispensation)

·     10. Yunus (Jonah)

·     11. Hud (Hud)

·     12. Yusuf (Joseph)

·     13. Ar-Ra‘d (The Thunder)

·     14. Ibrahim (Abraham)

·     15. Al-Hijr (Stoneland, Rock City)

·     16. An-Nahl (The Bee)

·     17. Al-Isra’ (The Night Journey, Children Of Israel)

·     18. Al-Kahf (The Cave)

·     19. Maryam (Mary)

·     20. Ta Ha (Ta-ha)

·     21. Al-Anbiya’ (The Prophets)

·     22. Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage)

·     23. Al-Muminun (The Believers)

·     24. An-Nur (Light)

·     25. Al-Furqan (The Criterion, The Standard)

·     26. Ash-Shu‘ara’ (The Poets)

·     27. An-Naml (The Ant, The Ants)

·     28. Al-Qasas (The Story, Stories)

·     29. Al-‘Ankabut (The Spider)

·     30. Ar-Rum (The Romans, The Byzantines)

·     31. Luqman (Luqman)

·     32. As-Sajda (The Prostration, Worship, Adoration)

·     33. Al-Ahzab (The Clans, The Coalition, The Combined Forces)

·     34. Saba’ (Sheba)

·     35. Fatir (The Angels, Orignator)

·     36. Ya Sin (Ya-sin)

·     37. As-Saffat (Those Who Set The Ranks, Drawn Up In Ranks)

·     38. Sâd ( (the Letter) Sad ( S ))

·     39. Az-Zumar (The Troops, Throngs)

·     40. Ghafir (The Believer, The Forgiver (god))

·     41. Fussilat (signs)

·     42. Ash-Shura (Councel, Consultation)

·     43. Az-Zukhruf (Ornaments Of Gold, Luxury)

·     44. Ad-Dukhan (Smoke)

·     45. Al-Jathiyya (Crouching)

·     46. Al-Ahqaf (The Wind-curved Sandhills, The Dunes)

·     47. Muhammad (Muhammad)

·     48. Al-Fath (Victory, Conquest)

·     49. Al-Hujurat (The Private Apartments, The Inner Apartments)

·     50. Qaf ( (the Letter), ( Q ))

·     51. Adh-Dhariyat (The Winnowing Winds)

·     52. At-Tur (The Mount)

·     53. An-Najm (The Star)

·     54. Al-Qamar (The Moon)

·     55. Ar-Rahman (The Beneficent, The Mercy Giving

·     56. Al-Waqi‘a (The Event, The Inevitable

·     57. Al-Hadid (Iron

·     58. Al-Mujadala (She That Disputeth, The Pleading Woman

·     59. Al-Hashr (Exile, Banishment

·     60. Al-Mumtahana (She That Is To Be Examined, Examining Her

·     61. As-Saff (The Ranks, Battle Array

·     62. Al-Jumu‘a (The Congregation, Friday

·     63. Al-Munafiqun (The Hypocrites)

·     64. At-Taghabun (Mutual Disillusion, Haggling)

·     65. At-Talaq (Divorce)

·     66. At-Tahrim (Banning, Prohibition)

·     67. Al-Mulk (The Sovereignty, Control)

·     68. Al-Qalam (The Pen, (the Letter) N)

·     69. Al-Haqqa (The Reality)

·     70. Al-Ma‘arij (The Ascending Stairways, Staircases Upward, Sckeptic)

·     71. Nuh (Noah)

·     72. Al-Jinn (The Jinn, Sprites)

·     73. Al-Muzzammil (The Enshrouded One, Bundled Up)

·     74. Al-Muddaththir (The Cloaked One, The Man Wearing A Cloak)

·     75. Al-Qiyama (The Rising Of The Dead, Resurrection)

·     76. Al-Insan (Time, Man, (every) Man, This (day-and-)age)

·     77. Al-Mursalat (The Emissaries, Winds Sent Forth)

·     78. An-Naba’ (The Tidings, The Announcement)

·     79. An-Nazi‘at (Those Who Drag Forth, Soul-snatchers)

·     80. ‘Abasa (He Frowned!)

·     81. At-Takwir (The Overthrowing, Extinguished! Wrapping Things Up)

·     82. Al-Infitar (The Cleaving, Bursting Apart)

·     83. Al-Mutaffifin (Defrauding, The Cheats, Cheating)

·     84. Al-Inshiqaq (The Sundering, Splitting Open)

·     85. Al-Buruj (The Mansions Of The Stars, Constellations)

·     86.At-Tariq (The Morning Star, The Nightcomer)

·     87. Al-A‘la (The Most High, Glory To Your Lord In The Highest)

·     88. Al-Ghashiyya (The Overwhelming, The Pall)

·     89. Al-Fajr (The Dawn, Daybreak)

·     90. Al-Balad (The City, This Countryside)

·     91. Ash-Shams (The Sun)

·     92. Al-Layl (The Night)

·     93. Ad-Duha (The Morning Hours, Morning Bright!)

·     94. Al-Inshirah (Solace, Consolation, Relief)

·     95. At-Tin (The Fig, The Figtree)

·     96. Al-‘Alaq (The Clot, Read!)

·     97. Al-Qadr (Power, Fate)

·     98. Al-Bayyina (The Clear Proof, Evidence)

·     99. Az-Zilzal (The Earthquake)

·     100. Al-‘Adiyat (The Courser, The Chargers)

·     101. Al-Qari‘a (The Calamity, The Stunning Blow, The Disaster)

·     102. At-Takathur (Rivalry In World Increase, Competition)

·     103. Al-‘Asr (The Declining Day, Eventide, The Epoch)

·     104. Al-Humaza (The Traducer, The Gossipmonger)

·     105. Al-Fil (The Elephant)

·     106. Quraysh (Winter, Quraysh)

·     107. Al-Ma‘un (Small Kindnesses, Almsgiving, Have You Seen?)

·     108. Al-Kawthar (Abundance, Plenty)

·     109. Al-Kafirun (The Disbelievers, Atheists)

·     110. An-Nasr (Succour, Divine Support)

·     111. Al-Masad (Palm Fibre, The Flame)

·     112. Al-Ikhlas (The Unity, Sincerity, Oneness Of God)

·     113. Al-Falaq (The Daybreak, Dawn)

·     114. An-Nas (Mankind)